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Brown & Brown

NYSE: BRO · USD

Brown & Brown (BRO) Economic Moat Analysis—

Avantages concurrentiels, preuves datées et risques d’érosion.

Analyse à actualiser

Incertain avantage concurrentiel

Brown & Brown has established renewal relationships, specialist distribution and delegated underwriting capabilities. The supplied passages do not establish how durably these differentiate it from other brokers. Actual customer losses following employee departures demonstrate relationship portability, while organic growth slowed sharply and became slightly negative in first-half 2026. Negotiated fees and delegated insurance pricing provide bounded flexibility, but realized pricing power over brokerage remuneration remains unestablished. These limitations do not establish a broadly weak competitive position.

Switching costs

Customer records and knowledge needed for renewals support relationship continuity and potential switching friction. Actual customer losses show that relationships can follow employees; a durable switching-cost advantage is not established.

Durabilité
Repeat demand is supported indirectly by continuing renewal business. Accounting estimates of customer-account lives are expectations, not demonstrated retention periods.
Concurrents
Comparaison non établie
Risques d’érosion
Employee departures, customer portability and limited protection from nonsolicitation agreements can erode relationship value.
Ce qui invaliderait la thèse
Persistent customer-account losses after producer departures, sustained deterioration in renewal business, or evidence that customers transfer their programs with little disruption would invalidate the proposed switching-friction mechanism.
Preuves (2) · Contre-preuves (4)

Intangible assets

Specialist programs, carrier access and delegated underwriting authority are current operating capabilities. Their exclusivity and durable superiority over competing brokers are unestablished.

Durabilité
Relationships with over 100 supporting carriers and established distribution channels support continuity, but the passages do not disclose exclusive rights or durable contractual protection. Future AI benefits remain potential.
Concurrents
Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.
Risques d’érosion
Competing brokers possess specialist capabilities; carrier capacity, employee mobility and direct distribution can weaken differentiation.
Ce qui invaliderait la thèse
Material loss of delegated mandates or carrier capacity, declining specialist renewal demand, or demonstrated equivalent placement outcomes from alternatives at lower remuneration would invalidate the proposed differentiation.
Preuves (5) · Contre-preuves (5)

Évolution depuis la dernière analyse

  • The uncertain moat verdict is unchanged after re-examining the current catalog.
  • The May 7, 2026 filing establishes shareholder approval of the 6,900,000-share incentive-plan amendment; it is no longer treated solely as a proposal.
  • The March 4, 2026 grant disclosure adds an explicit maximum performance-stock payout of 805%, tempering the alignment assessment without negating its long performance and service conditions.
  • Named brokerage peers and bounded Aon and Marsh service comparisons are now supported. They do not establish Brown & Brown's relative customer outcomes or pricing power.

Limites de l’analyse

  • Evidence consists of issuer disclosures. Verified operating results and actual contractual mechanisms support numerical assessments, but promotional differentiation and synergy explanations remain management claims.
  • The passages do not isolate realized brokerage fee changes, commission-rate changes, customer retention rates, exclusive carrier arrangements or switching costs.
  • Aon plc and Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. are named peers. Competitor disclosures establish only their own overlapping capabilities; competitive coverage across Brown & Brown's individual niches remains incomplete. No named competitor is linked to the disclosed customer losses.
  • Customer-account amortization lives are accounting estimates. Organic revenue combines pricing, exposure changes and new and lost business, and its 2026 definition excludes the litigation-related impact.
  • Actual individual executive ownership and compliance with ownership guidelines are not quantified in the cited passages. Incentive terms establish mechanisms, not future vesting or exceptional alignment outcomes.
  • All cited source dates retain dateKind filed. The proxy's future-dated amendment appendix is not treated as proof of March approval; the subsequent May voting-results filing supplies that evidence.

Indicateurs financiers à confronter à la thèse

Ratios calculés à partir des publications annuelles. Une valeur manquante reste indisponible. Les graphiques détaillés sont accessibles dans les autres onglets.

Indicateurs financiers à confronter à la thèse
PériodeGross marginOperating marginROICFCF margin
2021———29.4%
2022———23.2%
2023———22.1%
2024———22.7%
2025———23.4%

Pouvoir de fixation des prix—

Données vérifiées insuffisantes pour attribuer un score.

Management—

Données vérifiées insuffisantes pour attribuer un score.

Sources et méthode

Analyse à actualiser · Mis à jour 19/10/2026 · Version 9

Interprétation IA fondée sur des extraits vérifiés. Les déclarations de l’entreprise et les limites de couverture restent explicites.

Méthode quality-scores-2 : six catégories de même poids. Le score global exige une couverture complète. Les données manquantes ne valent pas zéro. Les évaluations qualitatives sont des interprétations sourcées, pas des probabilités. 3/6 · 24/10/2026

Moat—

Awaiting a sourced assessment under the current scoring policy and financial basis.

Pouvoir de fixation des prix—

Awaiting a sourced assessment under the current scoring policy and financial basis.

Prévisibilité100

Five consecutive annual periods. Equal weights: nondeclining revenue frequency; revenue-growth volatility (5–40pp); positive FCF frequency; FCF-margin volatility (3–20pp). Stability indicator, not a growth forecast.

Nondeclining revenue years (%)
100.00
Revenue growth volatility (pp)
3.60
Positive FCF years (%)
100.00
FCF margin volatility (pp)
2.66

Solidité financière31

Equal-weight grades: debt/FCF (1–8x), net debt/earnings before interest and tax (0–5x), interest service (1–12x), current ratio (0.75–2x). Earnings use reported operating income, or reported pretax profit plus reported interest expense when operating income is unavailable. Interest service uses earnings/interest expense; if unavailable, it uses reported operating cash flow/cash interest paid, without relabeling cash paid as accrued expense. Nonpositive cash flow/earnings score 0 for their service component; reported zero interest with a positive numerator scores 100. Net cash scores 100 for net leverage. Missing disclosures remain unavailable. General nonfinancial-company rubric, not a credit rating; exceptional and nonoperating gains are not normalized out. IFRS finance-cost and cash-flow classifications retain their reported scope.

debtFcfGrade
35.59
netDebtEbitGrade
21.65
interestCoverageGrade
41.97
currentRatioGrade
23.09
Debt / FCF (x)
5.51
Net debt / operating income (x)
3.92
Current ratio (x)
1.04

Allocation du capital70

Three-year equal-weight indicators: pretax return on average invested capital (0–25%; equity + debt − cash, each year and its prior year), share-count growth (0–5%, lower better), share-based cost/revenue (2–20%, lower better), consolidated FCF/net income (0–1x). Return uses reported operating income or, if unavailable, EBIT calculated from reported pretax profit plus reported interest expense; exceptional/nonoperating gains are not normalized out. Share-based cost uses the reported cash-flow add-back or, if absent, separately reported recognized compensation expense; the latter never becomes an FCF adjustment. Nonpositive net income scores 0 for cash conversion; absent income/FCF stays unavailable. Nonpositive invested capital has no defined return and remains unavailable. Does not establish acquisition quality or buyback timing.

3-year pre-tax operating return (%)
14.71
3-year average dilution (%)
3.85
3-year average SBC / revenue (%)
1.93
cashConversionGrade
100.00

Qualité du management—

Awaiting a sourced assessment under the current scoring policy and financial basis.

Preuves

Purchased customer accounts include the right to represent insureds or claimants supported by the physical records and files obtained from acquired businesses that contain information about insurance policies, customers and other matters essential to policy renewals and delivery of services.

Critical accounting policies: purchased customer accounts and renewal records · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Purchased customer accounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related estimated lives which generally average approximately 15 years.

Critical accounting policies: estimated amortization lives of customer accounts · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Also, if any of our key employees were to join a competitor or form a competing company, some of our customers could choose to use the services of that competitor instead of our services, which has occurred in the past and may occur again.

Risk factors: realized customer losses following employee departures · Dépôt 12/02/2026

While our key employees are generally prohibited by contract from soliciting our employees and customers for a two-year period following separation from employment with us, they are not prohibited from competing with us.

Risk factors: employee nonsolicitation restrictions and ability to compete · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Core commissions and fees revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2026 increased $806 million or 31.7%, composed of: (i) $829 million from acquisitions that had no comparable revenues in the same period of 2025; (ii) an increase from the impact of Foreign Currency Translation of $20 million and an offsetting decrease from (iii) $8 million related to commissions and fees revenue from businesses or books of business divested in the preceding twelve months; (iv) $28 million related to the Litigation-Related Impact and (v) $7 million of net new and renewal business, which combined reflected an overall Organic Revenue growth decrease of 0.3%.

First-half 2026 results: acquisition contribution, litigation impact and organic revenue decline · Dépôt 27/07/2026

• “Litigation-Related Impact” means the core commissions and fees attributable to (i) the loss of specifically identified customer accounts and (ii) new business generated in the prior year by certain former employees, in each case in connection with the conduct of a competitor that is the subject of pending litigation in multiple jurisdictions.

Non-GAAP definitions: lost customer accounts and litigation-related impact · Dépôt 27/07/2026

Arrowhead Programs manages a diverse portfolio of professional liability, personal lines, commercial lines, public entity and specialty programs supported by over 100 well-capitalized insurance carriers.

Specialty Distribution: programs supported by over 100 carriers · Dépôt 27/07/2026

In most cases, the insurance carriers that support these programs have delegated underwriting and, in many instances, claims-handling authority.

Specialty Distribution: delegated underwriting and claims authority · Dépôt 27/07/2026

These programs are generally distributed through a global network of independent agents and brokers, including Brown & Brown retail agents, and offer targeted products and services designed for businesses, individuals, specific industries, trade groups, professions, public entities, municipalities, and niche markets.

Specialty Distribution: independent distribution channels and targeted programs · Dépôt 27/07/2026

Builds niche, risk-specific products Prices & underwrites with delegated authority Distributes via multiple channels and manages performance Wholesale brokerage division that connects retail agents to carriers for complex or hard‑to‑place risks.

Investor presentation: delegated program pricing and underwriting capabilities · Dépôt 10/09/2026

Gallagher & Co, Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.

Investor presentation: named insurance brokerage peers · Dépôt 10/09/2026

The insurance intermediary business is highly competitive and we actively compete with numerous firms for customers and insurance companies, many of which have relationships with insurance companies or have a significant presence in niche insurance markets that may give them an advantage over us.

Risk factors: competing firms' carrier relationships and niche presence · Dépôt 12/02/2026

In addition, emerging AI-enabled platforms may enable insurers or third parties to quote, market, or sell insurance products directly to customers, potentially bypassing traditional intermediaries and reducing demand for our services.

Risk factors: potential AI-enabled disintermediation · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Additionally, in 2025 Aon launched its proprietary Data Center Lifecycle Insurance Program designed to support data center projects from construction through ongoing operations by bringing together traditionally fragmented risk classes into a single coordinated insurance solution.

Aon competitor disclosure: its specialized data-center insurance program · Dépôt 13/02/2026

Marsh Risk also receives other compensation from insurance companies, which includes payments for consulting and analytics services; compensation for administrative and other services (including fees for underwriting services and services related to the administration and management of quota shares, panels and other facilities); payments for participation in sponsorship programs; and contingent commissions, based on factors such as volume or profitability of Marsh Risk's placements, primarily driven by MMA and parts of Marsh Risk's international operations.

Marsh competitor disclosure: its analytics, administration and underwriting services · Dépôt 09/02/2026

Commission revenues generally represent a percentage of the premium paid by an insured and are affected by fluctuations in both premium rate levels charged by insurance companies and the insureds’ underlying “insurable exposure units,” which are units that insurance companies use to measure or express insurance exposed to risk (such as property values, sales or payroll levels) to determine what premium to charge the insured.

Company overview: commission revenue linked to premiums and exposure units · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Insurance companies establish these premium rates based upon many factors, including loss experience, risk profile and reinsurance rates paid by such insurance companies, none of which we control.

Company overview: insurer control over underlying premium rates · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Fee revenues primarily relate to services other than securing coverage for our customers, and for fees negotiated in lieu of commissions.

Company overview: fees negotiated in lieu of commissions · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Fee revenues as a percentage of our total commissions and fees, represented 22.2% in 2025 and 21.1% in 2024.

Company overview: fee share of commissions and fees · Dépôt 12/02/2026

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME For the Year Ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data) 2025 2024 2023 REVENUES Commissions and fees $ 5,763 $ 4,705 $ 4,199 Investment and other income 139 100 58 Total revenues 5,902 4,805 4,257 EXPENSES Employee compensation and benefits 2,935 2,406 2,187 Other operating expenses 959 710 650 Loss/(gain) on disposal 2 (31 ) (143 ) Amortization 312 178 166 Depreciation 55 44 40 Interest 297 193 190 Change in estimated acquisition earn-out payables 25 2 21 Mark-to-market of escrow liability (54 ) — — Total expenses 4,531 3,502 3,111 Income before income taxes 1,371 1,303 1,146 Income taxes 304 301 275 Net income before non-controlling interests 1,067 1,002 871 Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests 13 9 — Net income attributable to the Company $ 1,054 $ 993 $ 871 Net income per share: Basic $ 3.37 $ 3.48 $ 3.07 Diluted $ 3.16 $ 3.46 $ 3.05 See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Consolidated statements of income: 2023–2025 results · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Commissions and fees $ 1,654 $ 1,249 $ 3,534 $ 2,634 Investment and other income 22 36 43 55 Total revenues 1,676 1,285 3,577 2,689 EXPENSES Employee compensation and benefits 838 640 1,745 1,323 Other operating expenses 271 211 560 398 (Gain)/loss on disposal 1 — — 1 Amortization 110 50 226 103 Depreciation 18 11 35 23 Interest 100 51 199 96 Change in estimated acquisition earn-out payables (40 ) 11 (34 ) 7 Mark-to-market of escrow liability (5 ) — (69 ) — Total expenses 1,293 974 2,662 1,951 Income before income taxes 383 311 915 738 Income taxes 94 77 199 169 Net income before non-controlling interests 289 234 716 569 Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests 1 3 2 6 Net income attributable to the Company $ 288 $ 231 $ 714 $ 563 Net income per share: Basic $ 0.86 $ 0.79 $ 2.14 $ 1.94 Diluted $ 0.84 $ 0.78 $ 1.90 $ 1.93 Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

Consolidated statements of income: second-quarter and first-half 2026 results · Dépôt 27/07/2026

26 Income before income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2026 increased from the second quarter of 2025 by $72 million or 23.2%, driven by increased Contingents, leveraging our expense base, synergies realized from the acquisition of Accession, acquisitions completed in the past twelve months and the change in estimated acquisition earn-out payables.

Second-quarter results: management attribution of pretax earnings growth and realized synergies · Dépôt 27/07/2026

The change in EBITDAC Margin - Adjusted was primarily driven by: (i) increased Contingents; (ii) leveraging our expense base; and (iii) lower compensation as a result of employee departures associated with the Litigation-Related Impact.

Retail results: management attribution of adjusted margin improvement · Dépôt 27/07/2026

8 BROWN & BROWN, INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) Six months ended June 30, (in millions) 2026 2025 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income before non-controlling interests $ 716 $ 569 Adjustments to reconcile net income before non-controlling interests to net cash provided by operating activities: Amortization 226 103 Depreciation 35 23 Non-cash stock-based compensation 49 52 Change in estimated acquisition earn-out payables (34 ) 7 Mark-to-market of escrow liability (69 ) — Deferred income taxes 128 (2 ) Net loss on sales/disposals of investments, businesses, fixed assets and customer accounts — 2 Payments on acquisition earn-outs in excess of original estimated payables (40 ) (1 ) Other 8 2 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect from acquisitions and divestitures: Commissions, fees and other receivables (increase) decrease (143 ) (139 ) Reinsurance recoverable (increase) decrease 56 1,142 Prepaid reinsurance premiums (increase) decrease 130 (9 ) Other assets (increase) decrease (112 ) (11 ) Losses and loss adjustment reserve increase (decrease) (59 ) (1,143 ) Unearned premiums increase (decrease) (100 ) 55 Accounts payable increase (decrease) (11 ) 5 Accrued expenses and other liabilities increase (decrease) (194 ) (132 ) Other liabilities increase (decrease) 22 15 Net cash provided by operating activities 608 538 Cash flows from investing activities: Additions to fixed assets (38 ) (32 ) Payments for businesses acquired, net of cash acquired (30 ) (161 ) Proceeds from sales of businesses, fixed assets and customer accounts 3 10 Other investing activities (6 ) (4 ) Net cash used in investing activities (71 ) (187 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Fiduciary receivables and liabilities, net 157 119 Payments on acquisition earn-outs (184 ) (45 ) Proceeds from long-term debt — 4,192 Payments on long-term debt (31 ) (188 ) Deferred debt issuance costs (3 ) (36 ) Borrowings on revolving credit facility 225 150 Payments on revolving credit facility (50 ) (400 ) Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of expenses — 4,315 Repurchase shares to fund tax withholdings for non-cash stock-based compensation (27 ) (41 ) Purchase of treasury stock (500 ) — Cash dividends paid (112 ) (86 ) Other financing activities (1 ) 1 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (526 ) 7,981 Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash inclusive of fiduciary cash (27 ) 85 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash inclusive of fiduciary cash (16 ) 8,417 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash inclusive of fiduciary cash at beginning of period 3,815 2,502 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash inclusive of fiduciary cash at end of period $ 3,799 $ 10,919 See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

First-half 2026 cash flows: operating cash, investments, earn-outs and shareholder distributions · Dépôt 27/07/2026

Total debt at December 31, 2025 was $7,613 million net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, which was an increase of $3,789 million compared to December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and capital resources: 2025 debt increase · Dépôt 12/02/2026

The Company used the net proceeds of the offerings of the shares of Common Stock and the Notes, together with cash on hand, to fund the cash consideration payable under the Merger Agreement and to pay fees and expenses associated with the foregoing.

Equity financing: offering proceeds used for acquisition consideration and expenses · Dépôt 12/02/2026

During the first quarter, the Company drew $225 million on the Revolving Credit Facility in connection with a share repurchase program.

Liquidity and capital resources: borrowing connected to share repurchases · Dépôt 27/07/2026

In the same 32-year period, we increased net income from $8.1 million to over $1.0 billion in 2025, a 16.9% compound annual growth rate.

Company overview: historical net-income growth · Dépôt 12/02/2026

The growth in cash from operations is primarily due to recent acquisitions.

Operating cash flows: acquisition contribution to cash-flow growth · Dépôt 27/07/2026

On March 3, 2026, the Compensation Committee authorized and approved grants of shares of performance-based restricted stock under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan to, among others, certain of the Company's named executive officers.

Compensatory arrangements: approved March 2026 performance stock grants · Dépôt 04/03/2026

The vesting of fifty percent (50%) of these restricted shares (the “PSA Shares”) is tied to (1) specified compound annual growth rate targets of the Company’s cumulative share price and (2) the relative total share price return of the Company as compared to the median total share price return of the S&P 500 index, and the vesting of the other fifty percent (50%) of the PSA Shares is tied to (1) specified compound annual growth rate targets of the Company’s cumulative earnings per share, excluding the after-tax impact of the change in estimated acquisition earn-out payables, (gain)/loss on disposal, and amortization, and (2) the relative total share price return of the Company as compared to the median total share price return of the S&P 500 index, in each case measured over a five-year period beginning January 1, 2026.

Compensatory arrangements: five-year share-price and adjusted earnings conditions · Dépôt 04/03/2026

The PSA Shares contemplate a minimum payout of 0% and a maximum payout of 805% based upon the level of performance of each performance condition during the five-year measurement period.

Compensatory arrangements: performance stock award payout range · Dépôt 04/03/2026

The PSA Shares will vest in equal increments on March 3, 2032, March 3, 2033, and March 3, 2034, assuming continuous employment through such vesting dates, provided that vesting will accelerate in the event of termination as a result of death or disability, or termination (including constructive termination) without cause within 12 months following a change in control of the Company.

Compensatory arrangements: service requirements and accelerated vesting exceptions · Dépôt 04/03/2026

The shareholders approved the amendment to the SIP to increase the aggregate number of shares available for issuance under the SIP by 6,900,000 shares and extend the term of the SIP.

May 2026 voting results: shareholder approval of incentive-plan amendment · Dépôt 07/05/2026

Savio ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Independent Corporate Governance Highlights Director Nominees SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS • Annual election of directors • Majority voting for directors, with director resignation policy BOARD INDEPENDENCE • Strong role for Lead Independent Director • Periodic rotation of committee members, committee chairs and Lead Independent Director • Executive sessions at every in-person Board meeting and virtually, when necessary GOOD GOVERNANCE • Strong anti-hedging and anti-pledging provisions • Annual Board and committee self-evaluations • Strong executive and director stock ownership guidelines • Robust clawback policy • Committee meetings generally open to, and attended by, all directors 86% of Our Directors Are Independent 13 Average Tenure of Our Directors in Years 14% of Our Directors Are Ethnically/ Racially Diverse 21% of Our Directors Are Female 2 | BROWN & BROWN, INC.

Governance highlights: elections, independence, ownership guidelines and safeguards · Dépôt 24/03/2026

Savio Meetings Held in 2025: 6 The Audit Committee is composed of independent directors as defined in the NYSE listed company manual and includes two audit committee financial experts, James S.

Board committees: independent audit committee · Dépôt 24/03/2026

Masojada Kathleen A. Savio Meetings Held in 2025: 6 Each member of the Compensation Committee is independent as defined in the NYSE listed company manual.

Board committees: independent compensation committee · Dépôt 24/03/2026

In 2025, the Company paid Zambezi $100,368 under the Agreement to lease the Aircraft.

Related-party transactions: aircraft lease payment · Dépôt 24/03/2026

The excise tax gross-up provision is a legacy provision that applies only to awards that were granted under the PSP prior to its suspension in 2010 and does not apply to awards under the 2010 SIP or the 2019 SIP.

Executive compensation: legacy excise-tax gross-up provisions · Dépôt 24/03/2026

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our commissions and fees growth rate was 12.1% and our consolidated Organic Revenue growth rate was 10.4%.

Company overview: 2024 organic revenue growth · Dépôt 13/02/2025

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our commissions and fees growth rate was 22.5% and our consolidated Organic Revenue growth rate was 2.8%.

Company overview: 2025 organic revenue growth · Dépôt 12/02/2026

Non-GAAP Revenue Measures • Organic Revenue is our core commissions and fees less: (i) the core commissions and fees earned for the first twelve months by newly acquired operations; (ii) divested business (core commissions and fees generated from offices, books of business or niches sold or terminated during the comparable period); (iii) Foreign Currency Translation (as defined below) and (iv) the Litigation-Related Impact.

Non-GAAP definitions: organic revenue excludes litigation-related impact · Dépôt 27/07/2026

Historique des publications

Historique des publications
VersionMis à jourAvantage concurrentiel
924/10/2026uncertain
823/10/2026uncertain
722/10/2026uncertain
619/10/2026uncertain
519/10/2026uncertain
419/10/2026uncertain
318/10/2026uncertain
218/10/2026uncertain
118/10/2026Indisponible

Sources

Méthode et limites de l’analyse · Comprendre ce concept